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\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0651\u064e \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 &#8220;\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629&#8221; (Al Jazeera 2016; Karag\u00fcl 2016) \u0648\u0635\u064f\u0646\u0651\u0641\u064e<a href=\"#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0643\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0651\u0650\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 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\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a (\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0647\u0648\u063a\u0648 \u0634\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0632)\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0632\u0639\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u062f\u064f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 (Thies 2017).<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0631\u064e\u0641 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a &#8220;\u0643\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629&#8221; (Chryssogelos 2017, 2). \u062a\u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u064a\u0648\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u064d \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629&#8221; (Verbeek and Zaslove 2017, 384; \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 Verbeek \u0648Zaslove 2019\u060c 14). \u0633\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629: &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 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\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0632 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0651\u064f\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a&#8221; (Plagemann and Destradi 2018, 286)\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 (Dodson and Dorraj 2008; Phongpaichit and Baker 2008; Fraser 2017; Verbeek and Zaslove 2017; Chryssogelos 2017; Ayta\u00e7 and \u00d6ni\u015f 2014). \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0650\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 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\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a (Chryssogelos 2017, 1). \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062e\u0635\u0651\u064e\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629&#8221; (Kaltwasser et al. 2017, 2). \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0650\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629. \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 &#8220;\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629&#8221; (Campbell 1998, 36 \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0650\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645 &#8220;\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u064e\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644&#8221; (Hobson 2002, 16). \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a\/\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0647 \u062d\u064a\u062b\u064f: &#8221; \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629&#8221; (Verbeek and Zaslove 2017, 384). \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0642\u062a\u0631\u064e\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064e\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0645\u0652&#8221; (Chryssogelos 2017, 14). \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u00d6zke\u00e7eci-Taner (2009)) \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064e\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0651\u064e \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 (Kaliber 2005). \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627.<a href=\"#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]<\/a> \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 &#8220;\u0627\u063a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0643\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629&#8221; (Ayata 2015, 95) \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f 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\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b. \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629 (\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u0650\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0646\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627 (Plagemann and Destradi 2018; Hawkins 2016 respectively).<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0651\u0650\u0635 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0645\u0643\u0650\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0647\u064e\u062f\u0652 \u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 (Kaliber 2005). \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u060c 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href=\"#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631&#8221; (Star 2017). \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628 (Daily Sabah 2019).<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0632\u0647 \u062c\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u064e\u0632\u0639\u0645 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\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 (Star 2017).<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0647 \u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0651\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0651\u0650\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u0646\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627 (Dodson and Dorraj 2008). \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0642\u064e\u062f\u0651\u064e\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0636\u0629 \u0643\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0637\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0631\u062f\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0640 &#8220;\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0651\u0639\u064e \u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 (\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631) \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0651\u064f\u0639 \u062d\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 20 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0651\u0650\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0634\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0651\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u063a\u0648\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0632\u0648\u0631\u0634\u0631 (2018)\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0651\u0648\u0632\/\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2016\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0650\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0644\u0643&#8221; \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 &#8220;\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0631\u062f\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u062f\u0651\u0629&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631<\/u><\/strong> \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631<\/u><\/strong> \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u060c \u0625\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: <a href=\"mailto:esra.kaliber@altinbas.edu.tr\">esra.kaliber@altinbas.edu.tr<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Alaranta, T. 2015. National and State Identity in Turkey: The Transformation of the Republic\u2019s<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Status in the International System. New York and London: Rowman and Littlefield.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Al Jazeera. 2016. Turkey\u2019s Erdo\u011fan: The West is Taking Sides with Coup. 3 August. https:\/\/www.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">aljazeera.com\/news\/2016\/08\/turkey-erdogan-west-sides-coups-160802141241644.html.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Altun, F. 2017. Kaos Referandumu: Bu maceran\u0131n kazanan\u0131 olmaz [Chaos Referendum: This<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Ordeal Has No Winners]. Kriter 2 (17). https:\/\/kriterdergi.com\/cerceve\/kaos-referandumu-bumaceranin-<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">kazanani-olmaz.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Altun, F. 2018. Speech to the Turkey-wide directorates of foreign relations. Ankara, 3 November.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">https:\/\/www.akparti.org.tr\/haberler\/il-dis-iliskiler-baskanlari-bilgilendirme-ve-istisaretoplantisi\/.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Aras, B. 2017. Turkish Foreign Policy after July 15. Istanbul Policy Center brief. Istanbul: Sabanci<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">University. https:\/\/ipc.sabanciuniv.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Turkish-Foreign-Policy-<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">After-July-15_Bulent-Aras.pdf.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Aras, B., and G\u00f6rener, A. 2010. National Role Conceptions and Foreign Policy Orientation: The<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Ideational Bases of the Justice and Development Party\u2019s Foreign Policy Activism in the Middle<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">East. Journal of Balkans and Near East Studies 12 (1): 73\u201392.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Ayata, B. 2015. Turkish Foreign Policy in a Changing Arab World: Rise and Fall of a Regional<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Actor? Journal of European Integration 37 (1): 95\u2013112.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Ayd\u0131n-D\u00fczgit, S. 2016. De-Europeanisation through Discourse: A Critical Discourse Analysis of<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">AKP\u2019s Election Speeches. In Special Issue: Is Turkey De-Europeanising? Encounters with<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Europe in a Candidate Country. South European Society and Politics 21 (1): 45\u201358.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Ayd\u0131n-D\u00fczgit, S., and Kaliber, A. 2016. Encounters with Europe in an Era of Domestic and<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">International Turmoil: Is Turkey a De-Europeanising Candidate Country? In Special Issue: Is<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Turkey De-Europeanising? Encounters with Europe in a Candidate Country. South European<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Society and Politics 21 (1): 1\u201314.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Ayd\u0131n-D\u00fczgit, S., and Keyman, E. F. 2017. The Illiberal Turn in Advanced Democracies. Istanbul<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Policy Center policy brief. Istanbul: Sabanci University. http:\/\/ipc.sabanciuniv.edu\/publica<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">tion\/gelismis-demokrasilerdeki-illiberal-degisim\/?lang=en.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Ayta\u00e7, S. E., and \u00d6ni\u015f, Z. 2014. Varieties of Populism in a Changing Global Context: The<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Divergent Paths of Erdogan and Kirschnerismo. Comparative Politics 47 (1): 41\u201359.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Buzan, B., W\u00e6ver, O., and de Wilde. J. 1998. Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Boulder,<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">CO: Lynne Rienner.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Campbell, D. 1998. Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity. 2nd<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li>Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Chryssogelos, A. 2017. Populism in Foreign Policy. Oxford Research Encyclopaedia of Politics.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190228637.013.467.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Daily Sabah. 2019. Erdo\u011fan Decries West\u2019s Double Standards in Defining Terrorism. 18 March.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">https:\/\/www.dailysabah.com\/diplomacy\/2019\/03\/18\/erdogan-decries-wests-double-standardsin-<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">defining-terrorism.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Davuto\u011flu, A. 2001. Stratejik Derinlik [Strategic Depth]. Istanbul: Kure.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Davuto\u011flu, A. 2008. Turkey\u2019s Foreign Policy Vision: An Assessment of 2007. Insight Turkey 10<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">(1): 77\u201396.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Davuto\u011flu, A. 2009. 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Ahvalnews,<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">16 October. https:\/\/ahvalnews.com\/erdogan-turkey\/erdogans-anti-western-discourse-ideology<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">-or-opportunism.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]<\/a> 1Our distinction between thin and thick populism is related to the degree populism penetrates foreign policy discourse and<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">making in Turkey. This should not be confused with Mudde\u2019s (2004) definition of populism as a \u201cthin-centered ideology\u201d.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><a href=\"#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]<\/a> De-Europeanisation is broadly defined as the loss or weakening of the impact of the European Union (EU)\/Europe as<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">a normative\/political context for TFP.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><a href=\"#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]<\/a>Kemalism can be defined as the state ideology of the Turkish Republic named after its founder, Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><a href=\"#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]<\/a> The concepts of securitisation and de-securitisation were introduced by the Copenhagen School. Securitisation is<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">defined as a speech act whereby issues political in nature are classified as existential threats \u201crequiring emergency<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">measures and justifying actions outside the normal bounds of political procedure\u201d. Desecuritisation refers to moving<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\u201cissues out from the threat-defense sequence into the ordinary public sphere\u201d. See Buzan et al. (1998, 24, 26 and 29)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">and Kaliber (2005).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><a href=\"#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]<\/a> For a detailed discussion on the role of foreign policy in the constitution of the national self and its other\/others, see<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Kaliber (2019).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><a href=\"#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]<\/a> Large public protests sprang up spontaneously after plans to uproot the trees in Gezi Park in the centre of Istanbul<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">became public, and later engulfed the whole country. These protests were reciprocated by police brutality and harsh<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">discourses against the protesters on the part of AKP leaders. The EU and some of its member states stressed their<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">concerns over the worsening level of democratic rights and freedoms, and criticised the Turkish government and<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">police in particular for its disproportionate use of force against demonstrators.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><a href=\"#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]<\/a> The authors are thankful to the referees for bringing this point to their attention.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><a href=\"#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]<\/a> PKK stands for Partiya Karker\u00ean Kurdistan\u00ea (Kurdistan Workers\u2019 Party) and FETO is the acronym for the Fethullah G\u00fclen<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Terrorist Organisation, the name officially assigned by Turkey to the G\u00fclen Movement, named after Fethullah G\u00fclen.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631: \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03932729.2019.166864\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03932729.2019.166864<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0623\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631 \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0628\u0630\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u064f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u062c\u062a\u062b\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":4666,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4665","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-24"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/asbarme.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4665","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/asbarme.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/asbarme.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asbarme.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asbarme.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4665"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/asbarme.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4665\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asbarme.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/4666"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/asbarme.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4665"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asbarme.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4665"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asbarme.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4665"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}