{"id":5465,"date":"2021-11-26T07:35:04","date_gmt":"2021-11-26T06:35:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/asbarme.com\/?p=5465"},"modified":"2021-11-26T07:40:58","modified_gmt":"2021-11-26T06:40:58","slug":"%d9%85%d9%84%d9%81-%d8%a3%d8%b3%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%b3%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a-%d8%ac%d8%a8%d9%87%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%b4%d8%b9%d8%a8-%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%ba%d8%b1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/asbarme.com\/?p=5465","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a: \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a.. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 (1975-1991)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635<\/strong><br \/>\n\u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0634\u0627\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0631\u0634\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 (1872-1889)\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u062e\u0627\u0636\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1896 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1935.<br \/>\n\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0632 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 (1942-1943)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1961 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u062a \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0624\u0633 \u0648\u064a\u0623\u0633 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646.<br \/>\n\u062a\u0648\u062c \u0643\u0641\u0627\u062d \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1975\u060c \u0643\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0644 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627.<br \/>\n\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u062a \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u063a\u0633\u062a\u0648 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0633 \u0632\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a (1955-2012)\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>( \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629)<\/strong><br \/>\nSummary<br \/>\nTigray region is located in the northwest of the state of Ethiopia as it is known, and is the home of the ancient Aksum civilization, from which a number of early figures emerged, so that a local leader from Tigray, Kachai Mircha, had taken over the rule in the country in the name of Emperor Johannes in the period (1872). -1889), and the role of the Tigray region increased when the brunt of the war fell on the Tigrayans, so that about twenty major battles were fought on the land from 1896 to the Italian invasion in 1935.<br \/>\nPeople from the Tigray region, especially in the fifties and sixties, tried to establish an organized army, including Haile Mariam, whose role was prominent in the peasants\u2019 revolution in the period (1942-1943), and these people were affected by the armed struggle in Eritrea in 1961 to some extent, as well as their discontent with the governments The successive Ethiopian that left Tigray in extreme misery and despair.<br \/>\nThe struggle of the people of Tigray region culminated in the establishment of the Tigray People\u2019s Liberation Front in 1975, as a revolutionary movement aimed at overthrowing the dictatorship that ruled Ethiopia. seizing power in Ethiopia.<br \/>\nThe Tigray People\u2019s Liberation Front gained its importance throughout the country from its main role in overthrowing the military rule led by Mengistu Haile Mariam, and its role increased after dominating the government and acquiring key positions in the state, and the leader of the front, Meles Zenawi (1955-2012), took over the army and intelligence services On the other hand, it can be said that the victory of the front in the Ethiopian civil war was a victory for the minorities who suffered deprivation during the imperial rule<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><br \/>\n\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u062d \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c \u0628\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1975 \u0643\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u063a\u0633\u062a\u0648 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0645 (1974-1991)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0642\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627.<br \/>\n\u062a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629.<br \/>\n\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a (1885-1975)\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1975\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a (1978-1990)\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1991.<br \/>\n\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0648\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f.<br \/>\n\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628( (A Political History of the Tigray People&#8217;s Liberation Front (1975-1991 \u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0647 (Aregawi Berhe) \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0631\u0635\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u063a\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f\/ \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a<\/strong><br \/>\n\u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627()\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629()\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0625\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0633\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0629().<br \/>\n\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627()\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u063a\u0631\u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 ().<br \/>\n\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0642\u0637\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a()\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0645\u0631()\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0633\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0637\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 ().<br \/>\n\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0645\u0636\u0637\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0647\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0629 ().<br \/>\n\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 (1270-1855)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u062a \u0644\u063a\u062a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062c\u0639\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0644\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627().<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\/ \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a (1885-1974)<\/strong><br \/>\n\u062d\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u064a\u0648\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 (1855-1868) ()\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628()\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0634\u0627\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0631\u0634\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0633 (1872-1889) ()\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0645().<br \/>\n\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0636\u062f\u0647\u0627()\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1887\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0632\u0639\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0647\u062f\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629()\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1896 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0641\u0643\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 ().<br \/>\n\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u060c \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0625\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0646\u0632\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629().<br \/>\n\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a (1889- 1913) ()\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 (1930-1974) ()\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645\u062a \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 (1936-1941)\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a ().<br \/>\n\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1942 \u06481943\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0623\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0647\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644 1943\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0632\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0631\u0627\u062f\u0639 \u0644\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627 \u0641\u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627().<br \/>\n\u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0632 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a (1942-1943)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1961\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0624\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627().<br \/>\n\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1960 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0626\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0623\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629().<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0632\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0624\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u063a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644: \u062f\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0632\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0628\u064a \u062a\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0641\u0627\u064a \u062a\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0648\u060c \u0631\u064a\u0632\u0646\u064a \u0643\u064a\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0633\u0643\u0644 \u0622\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647\u0645 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u062a\u0648 \u0643\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0627 \u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c \u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0641\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0645 \u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627().<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\/ \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1975<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0628\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u063a\u0630\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631()\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629 ().<br \/>\n\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 (\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0645().<br \/>\n\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u064a\u0636\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0649\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0632 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0648 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1974\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0643\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 1975().<br \/>\n\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0622\u0646\u0641\u0627\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a \u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0638\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0623\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1970 \u0628\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0645: \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062a\u064a\u0633\u0641\u0648\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0633\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0643\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u0643\u064a\u062a\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0647\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u0641\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062a\u064a\u0633\u0641\u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1973\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627 ().<br \/>\n\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u060c \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0647\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a 14 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 1974\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0636\u062f \u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645()\u060c <strong>\u0648\u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u0648\u0644:<\/strong><br \/>\n&#8211; \u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0642 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0624\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u062e\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 ().<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 ().<br \/>\n\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627().<br \/>\n\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a 1974\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0633\u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0626\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629().<br \/>\n\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u063a\u0633\u062a\u0648 \u0647\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0645 (1974 -1991)\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0647\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0632\u0639\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0632\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0625\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a().<br \/>\n\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0634\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0642 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0641\u064a 18 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 1975\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627()\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0648\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0648 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0647\u064a\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u062a\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0631\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1976\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0633\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0647().<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\/ \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a (1978-1990)<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0646\u0645\u062a \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1978\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0646\u062d\u0648 (2000) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0634\u062f \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f().<br \/>\n\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u062c\u0628\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0647\u0627()\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0635\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0638 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0634\u062f\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a().<br \/>\n\u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0639\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1978\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0638\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0642\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a ().<br \/>\n\u0645\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0641 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 1985 ()\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0640\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u060c \u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0632\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064a \u062a\u0633\u064a\u0647\u0627\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0642\u0633\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0636\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u064a \u062a\u0633\u064a\u0647\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0632\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a ().<br \/>\n\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f \u0634\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0627 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1975\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0621\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1984 \u06481985\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628().<br \/>\n\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a()\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0631\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1989 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1991\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a().<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\/ \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1991<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u062a \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u062b\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u063a\u0633\u062a\u0648 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0645 ()\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627().<br \/>\n\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a 28 \u0627\u064a\u0627\u0631 1991\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0632\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0627 \u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644().<br \/>\n\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062a \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0636\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634()\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0637\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u062d \u0634\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641()\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0651\u064e\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 ().<br \/>\n\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0632\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0625\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0636\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a ()\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0625\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0632\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0647\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629().<br \/>\n\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0626\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1992\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0634\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0631\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627().<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0636\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 1994 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f 38 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0622\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 ().<br \/>\n\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0632\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u063a\u0633\u062a\u0648 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0632\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062a\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0633\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0648\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 ().<br \/>\n\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0634\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0632\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0636\u062f \u0625\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 (1998-2000)\u060c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0628 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0637\u0627\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 (1998- 2000)\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646().<br \/>\n\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0637\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0621 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/strong><br \/>\n\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 (1872-1889)\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0636\u062f \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0636\u062f \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 ( 1896 \u2013 1935).<br \/>\n\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062f\u062d \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u064a\u0634 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 (1942-1943)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u062a \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0624\u0633 \u0648\u064a\u0623\u0633 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a.<br \/>\n\u062a\u0648\u062c \u0643\u0641\u0627\u062d \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1975\u060c \u0643\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u0637\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0644 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1991.<br \/>\n\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u062a \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0633 \u0632\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645.<\/p>\n<p><strong>*\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\/ \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0632\u0627\u062e\u0648 \u2013 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0631\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone  wp-image-5422\" src=\"https:\/\/asbarme.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/malaf01-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"585\" height=\"390\" srcset=\"https:\/\/asbarme.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/malaf01-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/asbarme.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/malaf01-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/asbarme.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/malaf01-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/asbarme.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/malaf01-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/asbarme.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/malaf01-2048x1365.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 585px) 100vw, 585px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>________________<\/p>\n<p>[1]()Declan Walsh , Abdi Latif Dahir, Why Is Ethiopia at War With Itself?. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com<\/p>\n<p>[2]()\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a: \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: https:\/\/www.politics-dz.com<\/p>\n<p>[3]()\u0645\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u061f\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: https:\/\/www.independentarabia.com<\/p>\n<p>[4]()\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627: \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644 6% \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c https:\/\/www.ahewar.org<\/p>\n<p>[5]()John Ash, John Atkins, Birds of Ethiopia and Eritrea: An Atlas of Distribution,London.2009, p.11.<\/p>\n<p>[6]()\u062f. \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0643 \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1923)\u060c \u063580.<\/p>\n<p>[7]()Tewelde Gebresslase Haile The Root Grounds for Unconstructive Conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea: (A pragmatic analysis) Journal for Studies in Management and Planning https:\/\/www.researchgate.net<\/p>\n<p>[8]()\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0644\u062f\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: https:\/\/anwarethiop.blogspot.com<\/p>\n<p>[9]()\u0645\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u061f\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: https:\/\/www.independentarabia.com<\/p>\n<p>[10]()Layers of Time, Review: Ethiopian History from the Centre, The Journal of African History Vol. 43, No. 3 (2002), pp. 506- 510.<\/p>\n<p>[11] ()Taye Assefa, TEWODROS IN ETHIOPIAN HISTORICAL FICTION, Journal of Ethiopian Studies Vol. 16 (July 1983), pp. 115-120.<\/p>\n<p>[12]()Reidulf K. Molvaer, The Achievement of Emperor T\u00e9wodros II of Ethiopia (1855-1868): From an Unpublished Manuscript by Aleqa Tekle-\u00cfyesus (&#8220;Aleqa Tekl\u00e9&#8221;) of Gojjam, Northeast African Studies New Series, Vol. 5, No. 3 (1998), pp. 7- 14.<\/p>\n<p>[13] ()Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set New york 2005,p.505.<\/p>\n<p>[14] ()Aregawi Berhe, A Political History of the Tigray People&#8217;s Liberation Front (1975-1991), Los Angeles,2009, p.52.<\/p>\n<p>[15] ()John Dunn, &#8216;For God, Emperor, and Country!&#8217; The Evolution of Ethiopia&#8217;s Nineteenth-Century Army, War in History Vol. 1, No. 3 (November 1994), p. 278.<\/p>\n<p>[16] ()G. N. Sanderson, CONFLICT AND CO-OPERATION BETWEEN ETHIOPIA AND THE MAHDIST STATE, 1884-1898, Sudan Notes and Records Vol. 50 (1969), pp. 15- 21.<\/p>\n<p>[17] ()Aregawi Berhe,Op. cit ,p.53.<\/p>\n<p>[18] ()Ibid,p.53.<\/p>\n<p>[19] ()Ahmed Hassen, Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906, Journal of Ethiopian Studies Vol. 49 (December, 2016), pp. 79- 83.<\/p>\n<p>[20]()Edmond J. Keller, The Revolutionary Transformation of Ethiopia&#8217;s Twentieth-Century Bureaucratic Empire, The Journal of Modern African Studies Vol. 19, No. 2 (Jun., 1981), pp. 307- 310.<\/p>\n<p>[21] ()Aregawi Berhe,Op. cit, p.54.<\/p>\n<p>[22] ()Aregawi Berhe, The Origins of the Tigray People&#8217;s Liberation Front, African Affairs Vol. 103, No. 413 (Oct., 2004), pp. 569- 576.<\/p>\n<p>[23] ()Aregawi Berhe,Op. cit, p.55.<\/p>\n<p>[24] ()Ibid,p57.<\/p>\n<p>[25] ()Aregawi Berhe,Op. cit,p58.<\/p>\n<p>[26] ()Elleni Centime Zeleke, When Social Science Concepts Become Neutral Arbiters of Social Conflict: Reading the Ethiopian Federal Elections of 2005 through the Ethiopian Student Movement of the 1960s and 1970s, Northeast African Studies Vol. 16, No. 1 (Spring 2016), pp. 107- 114.<\/p>\n<p>[27] ()Aregawi Berhe,Op. cit,p.63.<\/p>\n<p>[28] ()Aregawi Berhe ,Op. cit,p.63.<\/p>\n<p>[29]()Tefera Negash Gebregziabher, Ideology and power in TPLF\u2019s Ethiopia: Au historic reversal in the making African Affairs, Volume 118, Issue 472, July 2019, pp .463\u2013484.<\/p>\n<p>[30] ()Aregawi Berhe,Op. cit,p55.<\/p>\n<p>[31] ()Ibid,,p.49.<\/p>\n<p>[32] ()Ibid,p.50.<\/p>\n<p>[33] ()Aregawi Berhe,Op. cit,p.50.<\/p>\n<p>[34]()John Young, The Tigray and Eritrean Peoples Liberation Fronts: A History of Tensions and Pragmatism, he Journal of Modern African Studies Vol. 34, No. 1 (Mar., 1996), pp. 105-110.<\/p>\n<p>[35]()Yohannes Gedamu, Ethnic F Ethnic Federalism and A alism and Authoritarian Sur uthoritarian Survival in Ethiopia, Georgia State University, political science dissertation,2017, pp. 5-13.<\/p>\n<p>[36]()\u0645\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u061f\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: https:\/\/www.independentarabia.com<\/p>\n<p>[37] ()Matthew J. McCracken, Abusing Self-Determination and Democracy: How the TPLF Is Looting Ethiopia, Journal of International Law, Vol. 36, 2004, pp.183-189.<\/p>\n<p>[38] ()Aregawi Berhe ,Op. cit,p.68.<\/p>\n<p>[39]()Rise and fall of Ethiopia\u2019s TPLF \u2013 from rebels to rulers and back https:\/\/www.theguardian.com<\/p>\n<p>[40]()Tefera Negash Gebregziabher, Ideology and power in TPLF\u2019s Ethiopia: A historic reversal in the making?, African Affairs, Volume 118, Issue 472, July 2019, pp. 463\u2013468.<\/p>\n<p>[41]()Medhane Tadesse, John Young, TPLF: Reform or Decline? Review of African Political Economy Vol. 30, No. 97, The Horn of Conflict (Sep., 2003), pp. 389-391.<\/p>\n<p>[42]()Richard Reid, Old Problems in New Conflicts: Some Observations on Eritrea and Its Relations with Tigray, from Liberation Struggle to Inter-State War, Africa: Journal of the International African Institute Vol. 73, No. 3 (2003), pp. 369-374.<\/p>\n<p>[43]()Messay Kebede, From Marxism-Leninism to Ethnicity: The Sideslips of Ethiopian Elitism, Northeast African Studies New Series, Vol. 10, No. 2, Special Issue: Challenges of Building Democratic Institutions for Governance and Development in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa (2003), pp. 165- 170.<\/p>\n<p>[44]()Tefera Negash Gebregziabher, ,Op. cit.<\/p>\n<p>[45]()Tobias J. Lanz, Environmental Degradation and Social Conflict in the Northern Highlands of Ethiopia: The Case of Tigray and Wollo Provinces, Africa Today Vol. 43, No. 2, Conflict and Conflict Resolution in Africa (Apr. &#8211; Jun., 1996), pp. 157-163.<\/p>\n<p>[46]()Rise and fall of Ethiopia\u2019s TPLF \u2013 from rebels to rulers and back https:\/\/www.theguardian.com<\/p>\n<p>[47]()Tigray historical region, Ethiopia. https:\/\/www.britannica.com<\/p>\n<p>[48]()Lovise Aalen, Ragnhild Louise Muriaas, Power calculations and political decentralisation in African post-conflict states, International Political Science Review , Vol. 38, No. 1 (January 2017), pp. 56- 63.<\/p>\n<p>[49]()\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627: \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644 6% \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c https:\/\/www.ahewar.org<\/p>\n<p>[50]()Rise and fall of Ethiopia\u2019s TPLF \u2013 from rebels to rulers and back https:\/\/www.theguardian.com<\/p>\n<p>[51]()Lovise Aalen, Ragnhild Louise Muriaas, Power calculations and political decentralisation in African post-conflict states, International Political Science Review , Vol. 38, No. 1 (January 2017), pp. 56- 63.<\/p>\n<p>[52] ()Aregawi Berhe ,Op. cit, p.30<\/p>\n<p>[53]() \u0645\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u061f\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: https:\/\/www.independentarabia.com<\/p>\n<p>[54]()Berihun Adugna Gebeye, A Theory of African Constitutionalism, Oxford, 2021,p.167.<\/p>\n<p>[55]()John Young, Ethnicity and Power in Ethiopia, Review of African Political Economy Vol. 23, No. 70 (Dec., 1996), pp. 531- 535.<\/p>\n<p>[56]()Terrence Lyons, Ethiopian Elections: Past and Future, International Journal of Ethiopian Studies Vol. 5, No. 1 (Spring\/Summer 2010), pp. 107-110.<\/p>\n<p>[57]()\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a: \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c https:\/\/www.dohainstitute.org<\/p>\n<p>[58]()\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 &#8230;. \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629\u060c http:\/\/www.sudanile.com<\/p>\n<p>[59]()Leenco Lata, The Ethiopia-Eritrea War, Review of African Political Economy Vol. 30, No. 97, The Horn of Conflict (Sep., 2003), pp. 369- 374.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u062f. \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0643 \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1923).<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>-Aregawi Berhe, A Political History of the Tigray People&#8217;s Liberation Front (1975-1991), Los Angeles,2009.<\/p>\n<p>-Berihun Adugna Gebeye, A Theory of African Constitutionalism, Oxford, 2021.<\/p>\n<p>-John Ash, John Atkins, Birds of Ethiopia and Eritrea: An Atlas of Distribution,London.2009.<\/p>\n<p>-Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set New york 2005.<\/p>\n<p>-Yohannes Gedamu, Ethnic F Ethnic Federalism and A alism and Authoritarian Sur uthoritarian Survival in Ethiopia, Georgia State University, political science dissertation,2017.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>-Ahmed Hassen, Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906, Journal of Ethiopian Studies Vol. 49 (December, 2016).<\/p>\n<p>-Edmond J. Keller, The Revolutionary Transformation of Ethiopia&#8217;s Twentieth-Century Bureaucratic Empire, The Journal of Modern African Studies Vol. 19, No. 2 (Jun., 1981).<\/p>\n<p>-Elleni Centime Zeleke, When Social Science Concepts Become Neutral Arbiters of Social Conflict: Reading the Ethiopian Federal Elections of 2005 through the Ethiopian Student Movement of the 1960s and 1970s, Northeast African Studies Vol. 16, No. 1 (Spring 2016).<\/p>\n<p>-G. N. Sanderson, CONFLICT AND CO-OPERATION BETWEEN ETHIOPIA AND THE MAHDIST STATE, 1884-1898, Sudan Notes and Records Vol. 50 (1969).<\/p>\n<p>-John Dunn, &#8216;For God, Emperor, and Country!&#8217; The Evolution of Ethiopia&#8217;s Nineteenth-Century Army, War in History Vol. 1, No. 3 (November 1994).<\/p>\n<p>-John Young, Ethnicity and Power in Ethiopia, Review of African Political Economy Vol. 23, No. 70 (Dec., 1996)<\/p>\n<p>-John Young, The Tigray and Eritrean Peoples Liberation Fronts: A History of Tensions and Pragmatism, he Journal of Modern African Studies Vol. 34, No. 1 (Mar., 1996).<\/p>\n<p>-Reidulf K. Molvaer, The Achievement of Emperor T\u00e9wodros II of Ethiopia (1855-1868): From an Unpublished Manuscript by Aleqa Tekle-\u00cfyesus (&#8220;Aleqa Tekl\u00e9&#8221;) of Gojjam, Northeast African Studies New Series, Vol. 5, No. 3 (1998).<\/p>\n<p>-Layers of Time, Review: Ethiopian History from the Centre, The Journal of African History Vol. 43, No. 3 (2002).<\/p>\n<p>-Leenco Lata, The Ethiopia-Eritrea War, Review of African Political Economy Vol. 30, No. 97, The Horn of Conflict (Sep., 2003).<\/p>\n<p>-Lovise Aalen, Ragnhild Louise Muriaas, Power calculations and political decentralisation in African post-conflict states, International Political Science Review , Vol. 38, No. 1 (January 2017).<\/p>\n<p>-Matthew J. McCracken, Abusing Self-Determination and Democracy: How the TPLF Is Looting Ethiopia, Journal of International Law, Vol. 36, 2004).<\/p>\n<p>Messay Kebede, From Marxism-Leninism to Ethnicity: The Sideslips of Ethiopian Elitism, Northeast African Studies New Series, Vol. 10, No. 2, Special Issue: Challenges of Building Democratic Institutions for Governance and Development in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa (2003).<\/p>\n<p>-Medhane Tadesse, John Young, TPLF: Reform or Decline? Review of African Political Economy Vol. 30, No. 97, The Horn of Conflict (Sep., 2003).<\/p>\n<p>-Richard Reid, Old Problems in New Conflicts: Some Observations on Eritrea and Its -Relations with Tigray, from Liberation Struggle to Inter-State War, Africa: Journal of the International African Institute Vol. 73, No. 3 (2003).<\/p>\n<p>-Taye Assefa, TEWODROS IN ETHIOPIAN HISTORICAL FICTION, Journal of Ethiopian Studies Vol. 16 (July 1983).<\/p>\n<p>-Tefera Negash Gebregziabher, Ideology and power in TPLF\u2019s Ethiopia: Au historic reversal in the making African Affairs, Volume 118, Issue 472, July 2019.<\/p>\n<p>-Terrence Lyons, Ethiopian Elections: Past and Future, International Journal of Ethiopian Studies Vol. 5, No. 1 (Spring\/Summer 2010).<\/p>\n<p>-Tobias J. Lanz, Environmental Degradation and Social Conflict in the Northern Highlands of Ethiopia: The Case of Tigray and Wollo Provinces, Africa Today Vol. 43, No. 2, Conflict and Conflict Resolution in Africa (Apr. &#8211; Jun., 1996).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629\u060c http:\/\/www.sudanile.com<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u0635\u0647\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a: \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c https:\/\/www.dohainstitute.org<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a: \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: https:\/\/www.politics-dz.com<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0644\u062f\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: https:\/\/anwarethiop.blogspot.com<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627: \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644 6% \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c https:\/\/www.ahewar.org<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u0645\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u061f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: https:\/\/www.independentarabia.com<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>-Declan Walsh , Abdi Latif Dahir, Why Is Ethiopia at War With Itself? https:\/\/www.nytimes.com<\/p>\n<p>-Rise and fall of Ethiopia\u2019s TPLF \u2013 from rebels to rulers and back https:\/\/www.theguardian.com<\/p>\n<p>-Tigray historical region, Ethiopia. https:\/\/www.britannica.com<\/p>\n<p>-Tewelde Gebresslase Haile The Root Grounds for Unconstructive Conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea: (A pragmatic analysis) Journal for Studies in Management and Planning. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The Tigray region, located in the northwest of Ethiopia, is an extension of the ancient Aksum civilization, and a number of Tigrayans played important roles early in the history of Ethiopia, including a local leader from Tigray who took over the country in the name of Emperor Johannes in the period (1872-1889). The role of the Tigray region increased when the brunt of the campaigns against Ethiopia fell on the Tigrayans, to the extent that about twenty campaigns were directed against Tigray during the period (1896-1935).<\/p>\n<p>In the fifties and sixties of the last century, people from the Tigray region tried to establish a special army for the region, especially in the Tigray peasants\u2019 revolution in the period (1942-1943), and later, they were affected by the armed struggle in Eritrea, as well as their discontent with the successive Ethiopian governments that Tigray was left in great misery and despair the whole time.<\/p>\n<p>The struggle of the people of Tigray region culminated in the establishment of the Tigray People\u2019s Liberation Front in 1975, as a revolutionary movement aimed at overthrowing the military dictatorship that ruled Ethiopia. Its struggle eventually culminated in the seizure of power in Ethiopia in 1991. The Tigray People&#8217;s Liberation Front gained its great importance and increased its role after the front&#8217;s domination of power and control of key positions in the state, and the leader of the Tigray People&#8217;s Liberation Front, Meles Zenawi, assumed the presidency and command of the army and intelligence services, and most of the joints of governance.<\/p>\n<p>The Tigray People&#8217;s Liberation Front from rebellion to rule<\/p>\n<p>(1975- 1991)<\/p>\n<p>Word Keys<\/p>\n<p>(Tigray, Ethiopia, revolution, rule, front)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0634\u0627\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0631\u0634\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 (1872-1889)\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":5466,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5465","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-24"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/asbarme.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5465","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/asbarme.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/asbarme.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asbarme.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asbarme.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5465"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/asbarme.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5465\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asbarme.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/5466"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/asbarme.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5465"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asbarme.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5465"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asbarme.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5465"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}